Foster Care Crisis The Mirror For Society - 2803 Words

Brittany King Adrian Chevraux-Fitzhugh Soc 305 26 April 2014 Foster Care Crisis: The Mirror for Society There can be no keener revelation of a society s soul than the way in which it treats its children. –Nelson Mandela America idolizes youth, dubbing it a time of freedom, innocence, and incorruptible joy. However, approximately 400,000 foster kids in the US might understand childhood as something very different (Children’s Bureau).To them, youth may represent chains to an unstable, corrupt system as it unsuccessfully works to decide their futures. It may also represent a period of indefinite circumstances, isolation, and continual change. The Foster Care crisis isn’t just a few poor government policies that affect the tangible elements of our society; it is a crisis that impacts the personal lives of many individuals. Minorities, Women, LGTB have all fought to ensure their rightful place and voice in society. Now it’s up to America to fight for those who cannot start their own movements, create their own bills, and overcome their silence. What we do for ou r foster children will reflect the true nature of our values. What we do for our foster children, we do for ourselves. Historical Background The first foster care program emerged in 1853 under the name â€Å"The Placing Out System† of New York created by Charles Loring Brace in efforts to deplete the overcrowded institutions and orphanages (McDonald 23). By 1923, thirty-four other states established similarShow MoreRelatedBuffy Montgomery. Dr. Walter Frazee. Biology. March 11,852 Words   |  4 Pages Buffy Montgomery Dr. Walter Frazee Biology March 11, 2017 Are We Living in Huxley s Brave New World? In today s world, we are deeply divided into social classes. Entertainment rules the world and the people care more about Facebook likes and impersonal digital interactions then they do about spending real time with family and friends. In today s world, outrageous parties are thrown and everyone does ecstasy and praises their experience. We live in a wold whereRead MoreSummary Of The Servant As Leader By Robert K. Greenleaf1459 Words   |  6 PagesGreenleaf in 1970. The author first wrote about the concept of Servant Leadership in an essay titled â€Å"The Servant as Leader.† In his essay, Greenleaf recounted his reason for writing the essay, stemmed from the belief that the country was in a leadership crisis and he had a responsibility to attempt to address the problem. When Mr. McDonald came to the VA, he like Greenleaf intuitively recognized the need for and his responsibility to institute and nurture this style of leadership within the department’sRead MoreThe Exposure Of Chronic Stress And Trauma Essay1823 Words   |  8 PagesFor many of the young people at LAYN the violence and trauma they experienced throughout their life, almost always chronic and pervasive, is unimaginable. The vast majority of RHY and foster youth have experi enced complex trauma, and the young people at LAYN are no different. These young people come to LAYN having experienced multiple and concurrent traumas throughout their short lifetime including: physical, emotional and sexual abuse-often within the caretaking relationship, community violenceRead MoreLiterary And Social Law : What Makes A Symbol Of The Human Experience?1514 Words   |  7 Pagesreasons. In his article â€Å"The Rise of the Nameless Narrator† Sam Sacks investigates the instances this technique has been utilized throughout time and evaluates its effect. Sacks explains that the authors of the earliest forms of the Bible faced â€Å"...a crisis of faith in the ability of words to either capture the essence of a life or else speak truthfully to its essenceless condition.† (Sacks). What does one refer to the being that they believe is all powerful and responsible for everything as? Their solutionRead MoreA thesis paper on child abuse with a look into Dave P elzers autobiography A Child Called IT Outlines various types of child abuse and prevention suggestions.3133 Words   |  13 Pageselse. They think of external or internal bruises, burns, fractures, wounds or poisoning and do not conceptualize actions of sexual molestation or neglect. In 1995 the American Medical Association stated, Child abuse occurs if a person who has the care or custody of a child causes or allows the child to suffer any of the following: physical harm, such as external or internal bruises, burns, fractures, wounds, brain damage or poisoning; malnutrition (including dehydration) or mental ill-heath ofRead MoreFamily Centred Care2050 Words   |  9 PagesThe Power of Family-Centered Care highlights the positive and negative aspects of their family’s healthcare experiences , and models of family nursing and concepts of family-centred care. By comparing the theories and models to what is currently put into practice by today’s nurses and healthcare providers a better outcome for this family is idealized. Nursing Care has Resounding Effects on a Family In this case study, a mother recounts her experiences seeking care for her special needs son withRead MoreEssay on Japans Economic Problems3970 Words   |  16 PagesJapan would need to fundamentally alter their ways. (Vogel, 2006) One opinion, according to Steven Vogel, is that the Japanese model should try to mirror the model of the United States. (S. K. Vogel, 2006) Interestingly enough, Ezra Vogel (in 1979) essentially suggested the exact opposite as Steven Vogel. Ezra suggested that Japan would be a viable mirror for the United States, that is, the United States should try to emulate the Japanese System. Japan at that time had been doing extremely well. EzraRead MoreEriksons Psychosocial Development Theory10839 Words   |  44 Pageserik eriksons psychosocial crisis life cycle model - the eight stages of human development Eriksons model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded and meaningful concept. Life is a serious of lessons and challenges which help us to grow. Eriksons wonderful theory helps to tell us why. The theory is helpful for child development, and adults too. For the lite version, heres a quick diagram and summary. Extra details follow the initial overview. For more informationRead MoreProfessional School Counseling3972 Words   |  16 Pagesreader with the personal reflections concerning school counseling and a discussion of the commitment to provide biblically grounded, ethical and empirically based services from the point of view of the writer. Introduction Children are in a society where the world is rapidly changing. 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Bad Therapy Free Essays

In the book â€Å"Bad Therapy: Master Therapists Share Their Worst Failures† by Jeffrey A Kottler it shows how other therapists use psychotherapy and how the therapists deem certain sessions as bad therapy. When the authors began this work their aim was to create an opportunity by which some of the most prominent therapists in the field could talk about what they considered to be their worst work in order to encourage other practitioners to be more open to admitting their mistakes. The authors are among the 22 therapists who agreed to participate in the project. We will write a custom essay sample on Bad Therapy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The result of the interviews, all conducted over the telephone is this collection of short and very readable accounts. The credentials of the list of contributors to the book are impressive. In the preface the authors explained that they selected the participants because all were prominent and influential, had a body of published work and years of clinical experience. Arnold A. Lazarus, a pioneer of Behavior Therapy is among the writers. Between them, the authors alone have written over 70 books on counseling and psychotherapy. The majority of these therapists are working in a public professional life. They write books, run training courses, lecture and demonstrate their techniques to large professional audiences. They produce tapes and videos of their work. Throughout the text there are many references to the anxiety stirred by the nature of the subject on which these therapists were asked to reflect this because of the possibility of a lawsuit and laws. Each chapter is a narrative account of the conversation the authors had with the therapist who was asked to talk about incidences in his or her clinical practice which evoked uncomfortable memories, feelings of regret or guilt, or a sense of failure. Strong emphasis is laid upon what can be learned from the mistakes. I found this and the more general reflections on the theme of what makes therapy bad helpful to me considering a career in the clinical practice. The refreshing honesty of the therapist’s accounts that gave me a sense of the tensions that arise during these sessions, â€Å"projecting an image of perfection†, and â€Å"stories of miraculous successes† (p. 189) or the â€Å"stunning failures† (p. ix). These words made me reflect on the nature of idealization and its opposite, devaluation on what success and failure means in therapy. It also helped me to reflect on the high expectations we put on ourselves as therapist to train well and to be viewed as doing a good job in the eyes of our clients, peers, trainers and supervisors. There is an uncertainty to what we view as good and what is bad in therapy. Good and bad can become intertwined with emotionally charged meaning along the success-failure road and their use is dependent upon expectations of good techniques or good interpretations. The value of the ordinary human contact with the client can get caught up in an anxiety ridden preoccupation with the right way of doing things. At the beginning of the book, the authors state that they â€Å"tried for a cross section of representative styles and theoretical orientations† (p. x). But none of the 22 contributing therapist practices in the psychodynamic tradition. The therapeutic relationship is known as being important and the interaction between therapist and client is very much the basis of what happens in these accounts but the term â€Å"transference† is used only once or twice and not explained. The term â€Å"countertransference† is used in several places and in the context of some exploration of interpersonal dynamics but this is not explained either as a concept or as a useful frame within which to understand what happens in the emotional field between therapist and client. One of the few exceptions occurs in the discussion between the authors and Richard Schwartz (p. 51-52) in which the therapist talks about the importance of noting countertransference thoughts or behaviors, commenting that many therapists do not think about their own emotional responses to their clients. In several accounts, the therapist was left with a hangover of guilt or regret as a result of the bad therapy practiced. If a detailed exploration of the transference and countertransference dynamics had been possible then I suspect the focus of what was bad might have been shifted from it being a bad technique or an unfortunate intervention or maybe strategy to the kind of understanding that psychoanalytic psychotherapists are more familiar with. Also the impact of unconscious projection and introjections upon ourselves and our client’s behavior or emotional response, an example was given of this occurrence in the first chapter when the therapist, Kottler, briefly describes how he got mad at a client who would not dump her abusive boyfriend, and told her not to come back because he could not help her and then hoped she received better care elsewhere from another therapist. If a way of attempting to unravel what happened in this session were to think about the repetitive actions of an explosive situation in the client’s life during the session, the conclusion that this was bad therapy would be different. The kind of understanding that a psychodynamically trained therapist or counselor brings on some of these accounts made gave me a sense of what could happen during a session, such as Jeffrey Kottlers confession to sometimes feeling invisible and irrelevant as part of the personal process he encountered in interviewing the contributors (p. 195). Both authors remarked that the contributors did not â€Å"go deeper† (pgs. 195, 197). Neither really explains what they meant by this and I suspect a similar sentiment is felt by many therapists. I felt there was a certain lack of depth and substance to the book because of the absence of consideration of the workings of the unconscious mind. The meaning of â€Å"bad therapy† must be deemed by individuals reading the book. But in the book bad therapy means â€Å"In summary, bad therapy occurs when either the client or the therapist is not satisfied with the result and when that outcome can be traced to the therapist’s repeated miscalculations, misjudgments, or mistakes† (p. 198). It would be very interesting to extend this question of what makes for bad therapy by opening a clinically orientated debate among psychodynamic counselors and psychotherapists. What is the difference between bad practice and bad experience in psychotherapy and counseling would be a good question to pose. Both the therapists and clients may from time to time have a bad experience of each other or of the effects of our words or of feelings which cannot be thought about or adequately contained in a single moment. If we are open enough to be available to receive our client’s projections and be affected by emotions unconsciously intended to be a communication, we will no doubt feel the bad emotions or the mental state being projected. It will be enough to call this countertransference. If a bad experience is not able to be recognized then transforming the experience into something understandable in terms of the need of the client or even the mental state of the therapist it could become an example of bad therapy. What makes for bad therapy cannot be limited to doubtful strategies or mistimed interpretations or the wrong techniques. We are human in relationship to another and constantly affected by the emotional impact the other has on us if we are not really emotionally present to the client for some reason or if the client is using the therapist to communicate his or her experience of not being responded to emotionally. The point is that therapists need to find ways of transcending the experience so that it can be understood or changed by being given the benefit of thoughtful reflection. This may be a result of consulting our internal supervisor or of talking with a trusted peer group or external supervisor or consultant. Another related question has to do with the responsibility we take upon ourselves for monitoring and understanding what we call countertransference. In the book the point is made, several times, which we can all too easily label or blame our clients for their bad behavior or resistance or ability to make us feel tired, angry or irritable. Are we so focused on what the client does to us and on using this as a helpful therapeutic tool that the therapist will lose sight of their own state of mind or emotion which Freud cautions in relation to countertransference may be interfering with therapist’s ability? We need our peer colleagues and supervisors to help monitor therapists state of mind and reactions to their clients so that the ability to enter into the experience of the encounter with the client does not turn into a case of bad practice due to the absence of reflective thinking or insightful monitoring. I would recommend â€Å"Bad Therapy† to both trainees and the more experienced counselors and psychotherapists for its very thought provoking and interesting content as well as the unusual opportunity to gain insight into the mind and emotions of the practitioner at work. Reference: Kottler, J. A. , Carlson, J. (2003). Bad therapy: Master therapists share their worst failures. New York: Brunner-Routledge. How to cite Bad Therapy, Papers

Vital Signs Assessment And IV Cannula Assessment In Nursing Care

Question: Discuss about the Vital Signs Assessment And IV Cannula Assessment. Answer: Priority nursing assessments to determine Johns nursing care During nursing care, the followingnursing assessments should be conducted on John; wound assessment, vital signs assessment, and IV cannula assessment(Ginger, 2016). After receiving Johns report from the ward nurse the first thing to do is to assess the IV cannula site, for signs of infections, because it is an artificial opening into the blood system that can easily carry infections if not used aseptically(Davidson, 2016), also inspect it for patency to determine if he needs a new one or not and assess how long it has stayed in situ, because the longer it has stayed the higher the chances of getting an infection. Johns vital signs that is blood pressure, respiratory rate, temperature, pulse rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation rate, pain score, alertness, and urinary output should be given priority during assessment, because they are the earliest indicators of an infection and how well the physiologic processes are taking place, they should always be within the normal range. Wound as sessment is another priority assessment; the wound is assessed for signs of infection and exudation because they indicate the healing process. Necessity for nursing care John requires totalnursing care because he has cellulitis and bacterial infection from the wound. He is on Intravenous medication with gentamycin which should be monitored carefully due to nephrotoxicity and the wound should be monitored as it heals to minimize complications. He also has a history of chronic anxiety, which should be monitored, because it can recur due to bacterial infection, cellulitis and hospitalization. Consequences of incomplete assessment Incomplete assessment can lead to complications of the infection, incomplete wound healing and development of acute tubular necrosis due to gentamycin which is a nephrotoxic agent. Explain why was John prescribed Gentamycin 300mg IV TDS and Ibuprofen 400mg oral TDS Gentamycin was prescribed to John because it is a broad spectrum antibiotic and its active against most gram negative organisms including Proteus species, Pseudomonas which can result to nosocomial infections. Gentamycin is enough to cover John for the bacterial infection, cellulitis and is a prophylactic against pseudomonas which can result to a nosocomial bacterial infection leading to complications. It is administered through IV because it will be highly effective through that route of administration(M, 2016). Ibuprofen is prescribed because it is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used for treating pain fever and inflammation. John will be experiencing pain due to the wound, fever due to the bacterial infection and inflammation as a result of the wound and the body healing mechanism. Ibuprofen will be used to minimize the effects of inflammation, which are pain, fever and tenderness(Reed, 2017). Identify and explain nursing responsibilities associated with administration Of these medications The nurses responsibility is to ensure adherence and assess for effectiveness of the medication and their side effects. Gentamycin is associated with nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity among other side effects such as nerve damage, low blood count allergic responses and neuromuscular problems. The nurse should assess the patient for signs of adverse reaction, through physical assessment, urinary output and urine analysis. Ibuprofen has the following adverse effects pruritus, bronchospasms, constipation, dyspepsia, and diarrhea, increased risk of liver failure heart failure and kidney failure and gastrointestinal bleeding and high blood pressure. The nurse should be on the look-out for these effects through physical assessment andnursing assessment of the patients condition daily. The nurse has to note that kidney failure and nephrotoxicity are side effects of both medications and they can superimpose on each other worsening the condition; therefore frequent urine analysis and urinary output is vital to monitor the patency of the renal system. Nursing assessment on deterioration Due to the deteriorating state of the client expressed by increased heart rate, increased systolic blood pressure, an increased respiratory rate and a slightly reduced body temperature indicates side effects of the medication, additional assessments that the nurse should do perform are urinary output and urine analysis to assess the kidney function in-case of adverse effects of the medications and perform a hearing assessment to isolate the extensiveness of the adverse effects. Also perform a wound assessment and IV cannula site assessment, to assess for any sign of infection from the outside. My conclusions from the signs and symptoms would be an adverse reaction from the medication or an infection from either the wound site or the IV cannula site. Maybe the IV cannula had overstayed and the client has sustained and infection which can result to the increased heart rate and respiratory rate, and worsened by the medications. Another conclusion can be an anxiety attack, because John has a history of chronic anxiety, which can be worsened by the disease process. Nursing interventions The patient should be assisted back the bed and propped up to aid in respiration(Butcher, 2018). Also give diazepam to manage anxiety that might occur as a result of the disease process or the medication interaction leading to physiologic changes, and take a swab of the wound for laboratory diagnosis to isolate any cause of infection(Sherwood, 2017). Also monitor the urinary output and urine analysis for renal functions. Document all of the procedures done to the patient in the patient file(Kerr, 2013). John condition could be prevented if someone was with him during the30 minutes when the medication was running, to evaluate his response to the medication and any other factors that could have worsened his anxiety, also someone should have assessed the IV cannula site for patency. Patient education during discharge planning On discharge educate the patient on the importance of adherence to medication both the antibiotics and anxiolytics and daily wound dressing to prevent the wound from becoming septic and to encourage healing. Emphasize on the importance of bed rest, to allow the wound to heal and teach on signs and symptoms of anxiety and how to avoid the triggering factors. Finally tell the patient that they can get information from the hospital website. On discharge counsel the patient on lifestyle modification, with a low-sodium diet because of the side effects of medication(Peter, 2015). Bibliography Butcher, H. (2018). Nursing Interventions classification (NIC)-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Davidson, M. (2016). Teaching aseptic techniqueApplying the basics. Infection, Disease Health, 21(3), 139. Ginger, J. (2016). Transcultural Nursing-E-Book: Assessment and Intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Kerr, D. (2013). Bedside handover enhances completion of nursing care and documentation. Journal of nursing care quality, 28(3), 217-225. M, A. (2016, May). Topical application of intra-sternal Vancomycin and subcutaneous Gentamycin significantly reduces deep sternal wound infection after cardiac surgery. In WIENER KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT, 28. Peter, D. (2015). Reducing readmissions using teach-back: enhancing patient and family education. Reducing readmissions using teach-back: enhancing patient and family education., 45(1), 35-42. Reed, G. (2017). Effect of Aspirin on the Cardiovascular, Gastrointestinal, and Renal Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen. Sherwood, G. (2017). Quality and safety in nursing: A competency approach to improving outcomes. John Wiley Sons.

Welcome to the Experience Economy free essay sample

According to the journal, an experience occurs when a company intentionally uses service as the stage, and goods as props, to engage individual customers in a way that creates a memorable event. I agree with the author when he mentioned that no two people can have the same experience, because it depends on the individual’s state of mind and how he personally perceives the experience. Two ways of thinking about experiences is customer participation and connection or environmental relationship. Customer participation include active participation in which customers play key roles in creating the event that yields the experience and passive participation in which customers don’t affect the event that yields the experience. Connection and environmental relationship on the other hand unites customers with the event or performance, this include absorption and Immersion. The first principle of designing a memorable experience is to â€Å"theme the experience†. An effective theme must drive all design elements and staged events of the experience that captivates the customer. We will write a custom essay sample on Welcome to the Experience Economy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The second principle is to â€Å"harmonize impressions with positive cues†. In creating the desired impression, companies must provide cues that affirm the nature of the experience. A third principle is to â€Å"eliminate negative cues† that contradicts the theme. The fourth design is â€Å"mix in memorabilia† which implies that the service or goods should be designed in a way that convey memories of the experience. The last in designing memorable experiences is to â€Å"engage all five senses† because the more senses an experience engages the more effective and memorable it can be. As we are now moving into the service experience economy Era, I believe service firms must take note of how they can make use of the above mentioned principles. The experiences they deliver have to meet a customer need and be deliverable. It has come to a point where consumers not only look for quality of products but also the bundle of benefit attached to buying a particular product/service.

Socialism vs. Capitalism essays

Socialism vs. Capitalism essays Every society faces the following three questions: 3. Who will the goods be produced for? Who answers these three questions, and how they answer them, determines the type of economy a nation or society has. This paper will examine these questions from the capitalist and socialist perspectives. Capitalism is an economic system based on the principle of individual rights; individuals answer the basic questions of the economic system. Capitalism is characterized by private ownership and control of what goods will be produced, how they will be produced and for whom the goods will be produced. Capitalism is heavily driven by competitive conditions. Invisible market forces coordinate the economic activity. Distribution is based on ability, effort and inherited property. In capitalism private property rights must exist and be defended by the government. In capitalism, people have the right to own and control possessions as they wish. People have the incentive to work, save and invest. There is voluntary exchange, buyers and sellers freely and willingly engage in trading one thing for another. People are motivated by profit and incentives to make certain economic decisions (produce, work, save, invest, spend, etc). Each individual in a capitalist economy will pursue his own self-interest (his own personal gain). A weakness of capitalism is just that people are in it for their own personal gain, elderly and disabled needs may go unmet. Market failures may cause high prices, negative circumstances and insufficient public goods. Strengths of capitalism are that the economy is able to adjust to changing conditions. There is economic freedom (people determine individually how to answer the three questions) and people are allowed to spend their money however they wish. There is also a huge variety of goods and services, allowing a high degree of consumer ...

General Sir William Howe in the American Revolution

General Sir William Howe in the American Revolution General Sir William Howe was a central figure during the early years of the American Revolution (1775-1783) when he served as commander of British forces in North America. A distinguished veteran of the French and Indian War, he took part in many of the conflicts campaigns in Canada. In the years after the war, Howe and his brother, Admiral Richard Howe, were sympathetic to the concerns of the colonists. Despite this, he accepted a post to fight the Americans in 1775. Assuming command in North America the following year, Howe conducted successful campaigns that saw him capture both New York City and Philadelphia. Though victorious on the battlefield, he consistently failed to destroy General George Washingtons army and departed for Britain in 1778. Early Life William Howe was born August 10, 1729, and was the third son of Emanuel Howe, 2nd Viscount Howe and his wife Charlotte. His grandmother had been the mistress of King George I and as a result Howe and his three brothers were the illegitimate uncles of King George III. Influential in the halls of power, Emanuel Howe served as Governor of Barbados while his wife regularly attended the courts of King George II and King George III. Attending Eton, the younger Howe followed his two elder brothers into the military on September 18, 1746 when he purchased a commission as a coronet in Cumberlands Light Dragoons. A quick study, he was promoted to lieutenant the following year and saw service in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession.  Elevated to captain on January 2, 1750, Howe transferred to the 20th Regiment of Foot. While with the unit, he befriended Major James Wolfe under whom he would serve in North America during the French and Indian War. Fighting in North America On January 4, 1756, Howe was appointed major of the newly formed 60th Regiment (re-designated 58th in 1757) and traveled with the unit to North America for operations against the French.  Promoted to lieutenant colonel in December 1757, he served in Major General Jeffery Amhersts army during its campaign to capture Cape Breton Island. In this role he took part in Amhersts successful siege of Louisbourg that summer where he commanded the regiment. During the campaign, Howe earned a commendation for making a daring amphibious landing while under fire. With the death of his brother, Brigadier General George Howe at the Battle of Carillon that July, William attained a seat in Parliament representing Nottingham.  This was aided by his mother who campaigned on his behalf while he was overseas as she believed that a seat in Parliament would aid in advancing her sons military career. Battle of Quebec Remaining in North America, Howe served in Wolfes campaign against Quebec in 1759. This began with a failed effort at Beauport on July 31 that saw the British suffer a bloody defeat. Unwilling to press the attack at Beauport, Wolfe decided cross the St. Lawrence River and land at  Anse-au-Foulon to the southwest. This plan was executed and on September 13, Howe led the initial light infantry assault which secured the road up to the Plains of Abraham. Appearing outside of the city, the British opened the the Battle of Quebec later that day and won a decisive victory. Remaining in the region, he helped defend Quebec through the winter, including participation in the Battle of Sainte-Foy, before aiding in Amhersts capture of Montreal the following year. Colonial Tensions Returning to Europe, Howe took part in the siege of Belle ÃŽle in 1762 and was offered the military governorship of the island.  Preferring to remain in active military service, he declined this post and instead served as the adjutant general of the force that assaulted Havana, Cuba in 1763.  With the end of the conflict, Howe returned to England. Appointed colonel of the 46th Regiment of Foot in Ireland in 1764, he was elevated to governor of the Isle of Wight four years later. Recognized as a gifted commander, Howe was promoted to major general in 1772, and a short time later took over training of the armys light infantry units. Representing a largely Whig constituency in Parliament, Howe opposed the Intolerable Acts and preached reconciliation with the American colonists as tensions grew in 1774 and early 1775. His feelings were shared by his brother, Admiral Richard Howe. Though publicly stating that he would resist service against the Americans, he accepted the position as second-in-command of British forces in America. American Revolution Begins Stating that he was ordered, and could not refuse, Howe sailed for Boston with Major Generals Henry Clinton and John Burgoyne. Arriving May 15, Howe brought reinforcements for General Thomas Gage. Under siege in the city following the American victories at Lexington and Concord, the British were forced to take action on June 17 when American forces fortified Breeds Hill on the Charlestown Peninsula overlooking the city. Lacking a sense of urgency, the British commanders spent much of the morning discussing plans and making preparations while the Americans worked to strengthen their position. While Clinton favored an amphibious attack to cut off the American line of retreat, Howe advocated a more conventional frontal attack. Taking the conservative route, Gage ordered Howe to move forward with a direct assault. Bunker Hill In the resulting Battle of Bunker Hill, Howes men succeeded in driving off the Americans but sustained over 1,000 casualties in capturing their works. Though a victory, the battle deeply influenced Howe and crushed his initial belief that the rebels represented only a small part of the American people. A dashing, daring commander earlier in his career, the high losses at Bunker Hill made Howe more conservative and less inclined to attack strong enemy positions. Battle of Bunker Hill. Photograph Source: Public Domain Knighted that year, Howe was temporarily appointed commander-in-chief on October 10 (it was made permanent in April 1776) when Gage returned to England. Assessing the strategic situation, Howe and his superiors in London planned to establish bases in New York and Rhode Island in 1776 with the goal of isolating the rebellion and containing it in New England. Forced out of Boston on March 17, 1776, after General George Washington emplaced guns on Dorchester Heights, Howe withdrew with the army to Halifax, Nova Scotia. New York There, a new campaign was planned with the goal of taking New York. Landing on Staten Island on July 2, Howes army soon swelled to over 30,000 men. Crossing to Gravesend Bay, Howe exploited the light American defenses at Jamaica Pass and succeeded in flanking Washingtons army.  The resulting Battle of Long Island on August 26/27 saw the Americans beaten and forced to retreat. Falling back to fortifications at Brooklyn Heights, the Americans awaited a British assault. Based on his earlier experiences, Howe was reluctant to attack and began siege operations. Battle of Long Island by Alonzo Chappel. Public Domain This hesitation allowed Washingtons army to escape to Manhattan. Howe was soon joined by his brother who had orders to act as a peace commissioner. On September 11, 1776, the Howes met with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Edward Rutledge on Staten Island. While the American representatives demanded recognition of independence, the Howes were only permitted to extend pardons to those rebels who submitted to British authority. Their offer refused, they began active operations against New York City. Landing on Manhattan on September 15, Howe suffered a setback at Harlem Heights the next day but ultimately forced Washington from the island and later drove him from a defensive position at the Battle of White Plains. Rather than pursue Washingtons beaten army, Howe returned to New York to secure Forts Washington and Lee. New Jersey Again showing an unwillingness to eliminate Washingtons army, Howe soon moved into winter quarters around New York and only dispatched a small force under Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis to create a safe zone in northern New Jersey. He also dispatched Clinton to occupy Newport, RI. Recovering in Pennsylvania, Washington was able to win victories at Trenton, Assunpink Creek, Princeton in December and January. As a result, Howe pulled back many of his outposts. While Washington continued small-scale operations during the winter, Howe was content to remain in New York enjoying a full social calendar. Two Plans In the spring of 1777, Burgoyne proposed a plan for defeating the Americans which called for him to lead an army south through Lake Champlain to Albany while a second column advanced east from Lake Ontario. These advances were to be supported by an advance north from New York by Howe. While this plan was approved by Colonial Secretary Lord George Germain, Howes role was never clearly defined nor was he issued orders from London to aid Burgoyne. As a result, though Burgoyne moved forward, Howe launched his own campaign to capture the American capital at Philadelphia. Left on his own, Burgoyne was defeated in the critical Battle of Saratoga. Philadelphia Captured Sailing south from New York, Howe moved up the Chesapeake Bay and landed at Head of Elk on August 25, 1777. Moving north into Delaware, his men skirmished with the Americans at Coochs Bridge on September 3. Pressing on, Howe defeated Washington at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11. Outmaneuvering the Americans, he captured Philadelphia without a fight eleven days later. Concerned about Washingtons army, Howe left a small garrison in the city and moved northwest. Fighting around Cliveden during the Battle of Germantown. Photograph Source: Public Domain On October 4, he won a near-run victory at the Battle of Germantown. In the wake of the defeat, Washington retreated into winter quarters at Valley Forge. Having taken the city, Howe also worked to open the Delaware River to British shipping.  This saw his men defeated at Red Bank but victorious in the Siege of Fort  Mifflin. Under severe criticism in England for failing to crush the Americans and feeling he had lost the kings confidence, Howe requested to be relieved on October 22. After attempting to lure Washington into battle late that fall, Howe and the army entered winter quarters in Philadelphia. Again enjoying a lively social scene, Howe received word that his resignation had been accepted on April 14, 1778. Later Life Arriving in England, Howe entered into the debate over the conduct of the war and published a defense of his actions. Made a privy counselor and Lieutenant General of the Ordnance in 1782, Howe remained in active service. With the outbreak of the French Revolution he served in a variety of senior commands in England. Made a full general in 1793, he died on July 12, 1814, after a prolonged illness, while serving as governor of Plymouth. An adept battlefield commander, Howe was beloved by his men but received little credit for his victories in America. Slow and indolent by nature, his greatest failure was an inability to follow up on his successes.

Contemporary Issues in Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contemporary Issues in Accounting - Essay Example Around the world, governments (typically following the lead of practice) have begun to take notice, putting new disclosure regulations on the book. Despite these new regulations, significant questions remain about whether, and, possibly more importantly, how corporate disclosures about their social, environmental, and economic practices should evolve." (Corporate Disclosure of Social and Environmental Data Mandatory Vs Voluntary. 2004). If a particular organization is operating with an appropriate emphasis on its environmental issues, it means that it is focused on sustainability as well as the well being of the particular society in which the organization exists. Nowadays, the accounting system requires the disclosure of environmental facts in respect of financial accounting reports. The main purpose of preparing the financial accounting report is that to provide useful information about the business to its ultimate users. Such categories of users shall be owners, shareholders, investors, employees, suppliers, creditors and the public as a whole. Moreover, the report so made should be more relevant, it should possess the quality of materiality, accuracy and comparability. Environmental performance and economics measurements relate to a certain extent, as far as the accounting policies and reporting procedures are taken in to consideration. "Environmentally driven innovation can create shareholder value by lowering cost, improving production processes and service delivery, and helping to find new markets. Increased process efficiency is an example of a proven sustainability strategy for decreasing cost and adding revenue, there by improving profitability." (Slater and Gilbert 2004). The users of accounting reports should have a thorough knowledge about the changes that take place within the organization as well as in matter of accounting standard context. The accounting report should disclose the environmental performances, for the purpose of easily identifying and evaluating whether the organization is running as per the requirements of the society. Moreover, this helps to develop the reputation of the organization by comparing various environmental data obtained from the annual accounts of the company. "Investors and users of financial statements need information about the impact of environmental risks and liabilities on the financial position of the company, as well as the company's attitude towards the environment and its environmental performance, to the extent that these factors may have consequences for the financial health and performance of the company. Regulatory authorities have an interest in monitoring the application of environmental regulations by companies and the costs incurred as a result. But companies' voluntary disclosure of environmental data in annual accounts and annual reports is low. Users of annual reports have an interest in ascertaining to what extent environmental protection is an integral part of the company's policies and activities and what costs and benefits are associated." (Accounting: Commission issues Recommendation on environmental issues in companies' annual accounts a

Natural Environment and the Urban Centres Essay

Natural Environment and the Urban Centres - Essay Example Sao Paulo was not a highly developed and industrialised city with a population of 65,000 in 1890 compared to Rio de Janiero of almost half a million. With the development of manufacturing enterprise in Sao Paulo, the population increased by 240, 000 in 1900s because of immigration. Sao Paulo constantly evolves into a productive city, which becomes the centre of manufacturing business that is the source of Brazil’s total industrial product. The Metropolitan of Sao Paulo has population of 16.4 million that implies of the need to extend the area from the centre, which accounts for 8,051 km (Cohen, 2006, p.38). Thus, as the population grows, the there is the larger need for space or area to accommodate residents. Cohen (2006) indicates that adjacent to the development is the transformation of the physical and social structure of a city. The attraction of huge investments to construct airports, manufacturing plants, and wide office space transferred to ‘urban fringe.’ The urban centre of Sao Paulo became the command area that dispersed in the regional or global operation, for example, telecommunications, law office, banking, information services, and management.Due to the development in Sao Paulo, it faces many environmental and ecological concerns such as sanitation, traffic congestion, and pollution. These signs are the effects of urban sprawl.   Pohanka (2004, p.242) defines urban sprawl as the ratio of agricultural lands converted to residential areas to shelter the growing population.

A View From the Bridge by Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

A View From the Bridge by Arthur Miller Essay In Arthur Millers play, A View From The Bridge the character of Alfieri is a very important piece of the play. He leads many different roles throughout the play, and is a very useful tool for letting the audience know what they need to do. In this essay, I will be examining the many different roles of Alfieri during the play, and examining what the effects are of these roles on the play, the other characters and the audience. I will also be looking briefly at the background of where the play is set, and also be looking briefly at the author, Arthur Miller. Arthur Miller was born in 1915, in Manhattan, New York. In his early years his family were pretty well off, but when the economic depression hit America in 1929, him and his family lost a lot of money and security. They had to move to a much poorer area of New York called Brooklyn. When Arthur Miller eventually left school at 17, he didnt have enough money or the right qualifications to enter University, and so he tried out a variety of jobs. His many jobs included a waiter, a lorry driver, a crooner on a local radio station and a shipping clerk. He saved all his money, and in 1934 was accepted into Michigan University. He won three awards for playwriting, but was still unemployed when he graduated four years later. During the Second World War, Miller was unable to complete military service due to an old injury he gained, and so instead did manual work at shipyards and some freelance radio scriptwriting. He enjoyed writing plays for live theatre, and his first play, The Man Who Had All The Luck, was first performed in 1949 at Broadway. It later went onto win the Theatre Guild National Prize. His next play, All My Sons, won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. His two most successful plays, Death Of A Salesman and The Crucible soon followed. He later went onto write the play I am studying: A View From The Bridge. The play is set in Red Hook a slum next to Brooklyn Bridge, New York. The neighbourhood is very rough, and everybody their looks after themselves primarily and their families. Law and Order are not welcome there, and Lawyers and Priests are generally untrusted people. The bay next to Brooklyn Bridge was a favourite place for immigrants to illegally enter the U.  S. A. Between 1820 and 1920, migration to the U. S. A was one of the biggest transportation of people in human history. In those 100 years, more than four million Italians went over to live there, hoping to leave behind the poverty and bad times from where they had previously lived, which in most cases was the South of Italy and Sicily. They migrated because they believed America could offer them more opportunities (including work) than their native land ever could. However, life often wasnt how they thought it would be. The immigrants were often so desperate for work that employers exploited them, by paying them the bare minimum they could. The jobs themselves were all hard manual labour, which would help America to increase its wealth and power. The immigrants found themselves living in the worst and cheapest housing around, but still thought they were better off in America than they would have been back in Italy or Sicily. Indeed, many Americans distrusted Italians, and believed them to be dangerous and violent. It is this idea of immigrants illegally entering the U. S. A that provides the plot for A View From The Bridge. The play is based around Eddie Carbone, a longshoreman, his wife Beatrice, and Eddies niece, Catherine. Eddie is very overly protective of Catherine, and doesnt really want to let her grow up. Beatrices cousins, Marco and Rodolpho, have just entered the U. S. A illegally from Sicily. Eddie and Beatrice agree to hide the cousins in their house. Rodolpho and Catherine become very good friends. Eddie becomes very suspicious of Rodolpho he accuses him of being gay and only wanting to marry Catherine so he can be a legal citizen of the U.S. A. Eddie tries to warn Catherine of his beliefs about Rodolpho, but she refuses to believe a word of it. Beatrice meanwhile, wants Catherine to grow up and so encourages her to marry Rodolpho. Eddie becomes more and more jealous and angry about the amount of time Catherine and Rodolpho spend together. He visits the local lawyer, Alfieri, and asks him if there is any way he can get rid of Rodolpho legally. Alfieri informs him that there is nothing he can do, and that he should just let Catherine go. The situation starts to grow worse and worse. One night, Eddie comes home drunk. He desperately tries once more to split up Catherine and Rodolpho, but he once again fails. After kissing Catherine and then Rodolpho, Eddie goes to visit Alfieri again. Alfieri once again advises Eddie to just let go of Catherine, but Eddie cant do it. Instead, he calls the Immigration Bureau and reports Marco and Rodolphos illegal entry to the U. S. A. The Immigration Bureau come and arrest Marco and Rodolpho, and after a big fight in the street, Marco spits in Eddies face (a huge insult). Alfieri pays bail for the two cousins and then arranges the wedding of Catherine and Rodolpho for the following day. Eddie is furious that Marco spat in his face, and so is desperate for revenge. Marco returns to the house angry for his own revenge, when Eddie turns a knife on Marco. Marco manages to turn the knife around and stab Eddie- who then dies of his injuries. However, it is the character of Alfieri that I will now be focusing on. Alfieri is the first character we meet in the play, which therefore means that everything he says must capture the attention of the audience immediately. In this first opening speech of his, he acts like a special kind of narrator; a character who is filling us in on a brief background of the setting, and setting the scene for the rest of the play. He appears at first walking along the road outside Eddies house, which is where the majority of the play is set. He informs the audience about the neighbourhood where the play is set, and tells them that this particular neighbourhood has no place for law and order: A lawyer means the law, and in Sicily, from where their fathers came, the law has not been a friendly idea since the Greeks were beaten.

Homosexuality Must be Discussed in American Elementary Schools Essay

Wherever it has been established that it is shameful to be involved in homosexual relationships, this is due to evil on the part of legislators, to despotism on the part of the rules, and to cowardice on the part of the governed. -Plato Society is currently arguing over how to address the issue of violence against homosexuals. Many educators and activists suggest that the educational systems nationwide address the issues of sexual orientation in classrooms to combat stereotypes and myths that lead to violence against homosexuals. Within this debate, there is controversy about when to deploy educational stratagems regarding sexual orientation. In order to productively dispel stereotypes, it is necessary that queer issues be implemented into the elementary school curriculum. In considering the addition of queer issues into elementary education this paper includes a definition of queer issues. A discussion of why queer issues must be taught follows its explanation. In addition, arguments against queer education are looked at and refuted. Finally, ways to implement queer education into elementary school curricula are discussed. In reading over the following information it is imperative to keep in mind that the goal in including queer issues in education is that students recognize diversity in their community, culture, and classroom as well as accept and appreciate these differences. WHAT ARE QUEER ISSUES? Before teaching about queer issues it is important to define exactly what these issues are. Queer issues encompass topics, concerns, and questions relating to the GLBITTQ (Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Intersexual, Transsexual, Transgendered, and Queer) community. It is these aspects of the GLBITTQ community that are the fo... ...7. Richardson, D. (1998). Sexuality and citizenship. Sociology, 32, 83-100. Rofes, E. (1995). Making schools safe for sissies. Rethinking Schools, 9, 8-9. [Available through ACADEMIC SEARCH PREMIER]. Savin-Williams, R. C. (1994). Verbal and physical assault as stressors in the lives of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual youths: Associations with school problems, running away, substance abuse, prostitution and suicide. Journal of Consultation and Clinical Psychology, 62, 261-269. Sears, J. T. (1999). Teaching queerly: Some elementary propositions. In W. J. Letts IV & J. T. Sears (Eds.), Queering elementary education (pp. 3-14). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Weeks, J. (2000). The Challenge of Lesbian and Gay Studies. In T. Sandfort, J. Schuyf, J. W. Duyvendak, & J. Weeks (Eds.), Lesbian and gay studies (pp. 1-13). London: SAGE Publications.

To What Extent And Why Did German Nationalism Change Between 1789 And 1840?

German nationalism did change between 1789 and 1840, regarding their aims, characteristics and demographics, but only to some extent. The changes and continuation of nationalism were essentially affected by the international context and the domestic factors which both stimulated and stagnated German nationalism throughout the period. Although the nationalists may have not achieved their ultimate aim for political unity by 1840, the events during this period had indeed strengthened the ‘cultural well'.The aims of the nationalists did change, but the change and continuity depended on the domestic situation and were influenced by the international context. The initial aim of the nationalists was to have cultural unity and the idea of a ‘grossdeutcheland'. They hoped to achieve a German identity through sharing the same language and taste in art, literature and music. The nationalists were inspired by the words of Hegel and his idea of the ‘volksgeist' and Fichte's prin ciple of ‘German superiority and the ‘fatherland'.The desire for cultural unity remained and continued from 1789, as sown in the Wartburg Festival in 1817 where they created the German Lutzow Freikorps flag, and this was also carried out in the Hambach festival 1932. Moreover, the location of it being the refuge of Martin Luther is significant and to the nationalists, it gives a historic foundation to Germany. Although cultural unity wasn't the main aim later on, the events of the Battle of Leipzig 1813 and particularly the Rhine Crisis in 1840, did inadvertently deepen the ‘cultural well'.The fact that Theirs claimed that the Rhineland, which became a historical ground for the Germans after the war of liberation, was France's natural border, intensified the cultural well. The Rhine crisis attacked the nationalists culture and historic past, and thus led to the Rhine song movement. Becker's popular poem became available for everyone to read, and this widespread nes s strengthened the cultural unity. Hence the international factors didn't change their aim for cultural unity, but helped enhance it.Another fundamental aim of the German nationalists is to have political unity in the Deutsche Bund by amending the structure of the Bund system. They desire a constitution in each state, and although this exists in Bavaria, Wurttemberg and Baden, the main states Prussia and Austria do not adopt this system. The formation of the Deutsche Bund (German Confederation) in 1815 after the War of Liberation made the nationalists against the Bund and its system because it was reactionary.This sparked ideas about liberalism and wanting a constitution, and this began to be expressed in the Wartburg Festival in 1817 where they burnt effigies and created manifestos. Before the creation of the Bund the nationalists didn't want political unity, and the freikorps were fighting for their nation. However, the creation of the bund had changed their aims into wanting poli tical unity. Nevertheless, the nationalists were restricted from achieving their aim, because they were being repressed by the Carlsbad decrees 1819 created by the Bund in result of Wartburg.This meant that the nationalists could not openly attack the Bund, had no rights of association and were prevented from writing manifestos. They were further repressed by the 6 Acts 1834 in response to Hambach, and so this repression prevented the nationalists from changing and trying to achieve their aims. Hence the political context restricted the nationalists and so there was a decade of no change. However, it wasn't until the Rhine crisis which allowed the nationalists to express themselves more since the Bund appeased them and allowed Becker's popular poem to be published in every newspaper, available to all.This to some was seen as a turning point or a big change as the Bund was supporting the nationalists to some extent, but only because the nationalists were not against the Bund. This co uld suggest that although the nationalists didn't manage to make changes to the political system, they did change and improve the relationship between them and the Bund. Thus, the political context did stagnate and restrict the nationalist movement in terms of their aims, but it did help them achieve cultural unity. The characteristics of the nationalists indeed changed from 1879- 1840.The French Revolution in 1789 inspired the nationalists into having liberal ideas, which the Bund were reactionary to. This reactionary and conservative system made the nationalists anti-establishment, since they rejected the French ideas of having constitutions, freedom of speech and press and rights to vote. This liberalism was shown in both Wartburg and Hambach where they created their manifesto of demands to reform the government, and this anti- establishment continued throughout this period. It can be said that theRhine Crisis proves there to be a relationship formed with the nationalists and the Bund since Metternich sympathised the nationalists, they still remained anti-establishment. Although the nationalists were inspired by French idea's, they were always hostile to France. This was because of the constant intervention and triumph of France, with the Treaty of Tilsit 1807 on Prussia after Battle of Jena and Auerstedt, and in particular the War of Liberation 1815 which was fought on the Rhineland, and finally the Rhine Crisis 1840.France has always remained a national enemy in the eyes of both the Bund and the nationalists, and this hostility intensifies particularly in 1840 when Theirs claims the Rhineland is France's ‘natural borders' and sends troops there. Hence France is a key factor to why the characteristics of the nationalists have stayed the same and changed. One key change however is the behaviour and method of the nationalists. As a result of the repression from the Carlsbad decrees 1819 and the 6 Acts 1834, the nationalists were very limited and restri cted as they couldn't express their demands openly, as there was strict censorship.Thus this lead to romanticism, where underlying political messages were hidden in art literature and music. France's interference in the Rhine Crisis influenced the ‘Rhine song movement' , as since the nationalists were under censorship, they expressed themselves romantically. Thus, the characteristics and behaviour of the nationalists did change through romanticism, but their ideas of anti-establishment and hostility to France continued, and all were effected by France and the political context.In hindsight, the demographics of the nationalist movement may seem to grow and become widespread, but in reality it essentially stayed the same. The nationalists primarily consisted of middle-class educated bourgeoisie students and lecturers who were referred to as the burschenschaft. There were only 1,000 burschenschaft out of 10,000 students in the German Confederation, and so the initial scale of how many nationalists there were is very small compared to the general size of the population.During the War of Liberation, only 12% of those who fought were freikorps who fought for the ‘German nation', whilst the others were conscripted soldiers fighting only for their monarchy. Hence this proves that the demographics in the beginning was very small, and so nationalism was not very known or popular. The nationalists hoped to gain more supporters by having discussion circles and gymnastic societies. Nonetheless, in the Wartburg festival, merely 500 burschenschaft members attended, again showing how not many people shared the same nationalist ideas.Perhaps this was because of the disorganisation of the Wartburg festival, as the burschenschaft did not productively state what they want to do, but rather complained about the current Bund, making it difficult for others to understand their true aims. In contrast to Hambach 1832 however, there was a big increase in attendance of 20-30 ,000 people. This was seen to be the most ‘popular political festival'. Conversely, a lot of the people who attended were peasants who were most likely there to sell food for their own economic reasons, not for the political side to it.Also, although Hambach seemed to be more organised than Wartburg, only the literates could understand and read the invitations, and so again it seems that only the educated middle class burschenschaft were exposed to the political agenda, not the illiterates who made up almost most of the population. Again, it wasn't until the Rhine crisis did the demographics change a little. The fact that an average, unknown court clerk wrote the poem in September 1840, makes it more relatable to the public which is why it was widespread.The Bund allowed the poem to be published in every German newspaper, which also means that more people were becoming literate and so there was more support and ideas spread faster across the regions. This could have affected t he demographics, in increasing but not as much since it was still lead by the middle class burschenschaft. What limits the nationalists into achieving their aims is that they have no clear leader, and so perhaps if there was one, the ideas could become more widespread, hence once step further to achieving their aims.The demographics does in essence stay the same throughout the period, it being the very few educated middle class. In conclusion, German Nationalism did change in terms of their romantic behaviour and political and cultural aims, and the key factors to why these changes occurred was mainly the influence of France, and the political changes within the Bund. Yet, their ideas and characteristics of being hostile to France and remaining antiestablishment and the small scale of demographics continued to stay the same from 1789-1840 because of the repression in result of censorship, and again French intervening.It seems that throughout this period, a pattern has emerged where the nationalists create a festival or event, which leads to repression and a decade of censorship. This repression lead to the change in behaviour, where they expressed their ideas through romanticism building their cultural well and then France's influence leads to the cycle occurring again. However, we cannot ignore the fact that, although the nationalists may have not achieved their political aims, the events through this period has definitely built upon their ‘cultural well', and so had achieved cultural unity to some extent, and this is a change.

Paleolithic to Neolithic change over time Essay

During the sixth century in India, an Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama renounced his status and wealth in order to become enlightened. After becoming enlightened he announced the principals of what he believed was going to be the new way of life, Buddhism. Some many years later, Buddhism found its way into China. And while many peasants saw a positive impact in the incoming way of life, many people with higher statuses did not. Many peasants and people of lower class supported this new teaching because it gave them something more to believe in, like an afterlife, rather than Confucianism which was stricter and did not have an afterlife. According to tradition, the Four Noble Truths explain how in ones life you can take the suffering you are born with and make something out of it. This is a positive outlook because it teaches people that there is a way to end the sorrow in ones life. (doc. 1) Along with peasants, many Chinese scholars believed in Buddhism. When asked their opinion on Buddhism, some of them replied with the opinion that Buddhism exceeded any other teachings like Confucianism. In document 3 a scholar says â€Å"To compare the sages to Buddha is like comparing a white deer to a unicorn.† This comparison made is clearly a positive outlook in that compared to an ordinary deer, a unicorn, which is representing Buddhism, is so marvelous and exotic. This same scholar also shows in his response that Buddhism is a simple way of life, and to some (mostly monks) things like wives and property are the luxuries of the world not needed to complete ones life. This proves that Buddhism is an easy-going, simple way of living that could appeal to many. (doc. 3) In the early 9th century, a Buddhist scholar by the name of Zong Mi expressed his opinion that all of the sages (Confucius, Laozi, and Buddha) were all perfect teachings for the time being. In his opinion all3 teachings led to an orderly society. I agree with Zong Mi in saying that each time period has different needs and demands, so a new teaching for each time period is wise in that they each meet the specific demands of that time period. (doc. 5) Although many lower class people supported Buddhism, many of the higher people did not because the fear that people would break away from Confucianism was present. Rulers want to be in complete power, and a new teaching that is severing that order could cause chaos in the rulers mind.  Also, Buddhism compared to Confucianism is very laid back and easy-going. Confucianism’s a lot stricter and if people do not live in fear of this strict code what is going to prevent them from revolting? An official in the Tang imperial court by the name of Han Yu expressed his opinion on Buddhism to be very negative. He demands that Buddhism is to be â€Å"rooted out, and late generations spared this delusion.† He also views Buddhism as being no more than a cult of barbarians, because it was not here in ancient times. I do not agree with his statement in that many things were not here in the past but are here today. For example, the cell phone. The cell phone was not here 50 years ago, but is here today and can be used for emergencies and better our safety in this world. Just because something is new does not mean it is evil or barbaric. However I do agree with the statement made that says â€Å"The Buddha†¦who did not speak Chinese and who wore clothes of a different fashion†¦and the Buddhas manner of dress did not conform to our laws.† I agree with this because Buddhism is a way of life, these new teachings would impact peoples lives daily. So if this Buddha is an alien, a person who is not from here how could he possibly understand our laws and fit our needs? Although its not bad to try new things, I understand the hesitance of people to believe in something so foreign. (doc. 4) Supporting an earlier statement that rulers did not want a change, Emperor Wu, in the edict of Buddhism explains how Buddhism has â€Å"Injured mankind†. He states that â€Å"Buddhism wears out the peoples strengths, pilfers their wealth, causes people to abandon their lords and parents for the company of teachers, and severs man and wife with its monastic decrees. In destroying law and injuring humankind indeed nothing surpasses this doctrine!† This shows that he thinks Buddhism has many negative impacts on everyone’s lives and this evil should be eradicated. (doc. 6) An additional document that would help me prove positive and negative points in this essay would most likely be something in the point of view of a peasant. Seeing a view of a peasant in this time period would help support my theory that peasants liked Buddhism, or help prove me wrong in that they did not. Seeing a document like this would also help me understand why people would choose a rough and strict teaching like Confucianism over an easy way of life like Buddhism. Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, neither is wrong nor right. However in the sixth century China when Buddhism was first introduced there was a split mindset of how things should be run. Most people of lower class appealed to this new teaching of Buddhism while many people of higher classes believed that Buddhism should be eradicated because of its true barbaric and evilness. Neither opinion is right, yet neither opinion is wrong. Change Over Time Courtney Morelli Mrs. McCaffrey period 3 Between the years 10,000 and 3,000 BCE many changes occurred. The way of life was altered for many people with new ideas, technologies and ways of life. But along with these changes some things remained the same through this time period. Just like todays society, it is changing in many ways but still keeping in touch with old ways or traditions. Before the Neolithic Age occurred, there was a time period called the Paleolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age (2500000 BCE – 8,000 BCE) the way of life was hunting and gathering. People relied on hunting and gathering as their food source, therefore they moved from place to place never really settling in one spot. The men usually had the job of hunting for food, and the women had the role of gathering plants and berries and taking care of the children. Therefore, the women had an equal role to the men and were treated just the same. The people of the Paleolithic age expressed their life in not words, but art. They painted along the walls of caves showing things like hunting, or different animals that were around. After a long period of time the climate of places all over the world changed drastically, allowing the change from Paleolithic to Neolithic happen. The Neolithic age lasted from 10,000 BCE to 3,000 BCE, and many changes occurred. The Neolithic man started to plant crops now that the climate was  warmer and therefore they settled instead of moving from place to place. Now that the people were planting crops they were able to have a good amount of food, and never go hungry through the winter thanks to wheat. Since the people of the Neolithic era no longer needed women to gather foods, they lost their role in society. They were no longer considered equal to men and usually stayed home caring for the children. One of the biggest changes between these time periods is the change from hunting to domesticating animals. Instead of hunting down your next meal people domesticated and raised their own animals like goats and pigs. Keeping these animals close by made it easier for people to eat. Although, the agricultural way of life was much more complicated than hunting and gathering. Farmers had a much harder lifestyle because they had to work all day as to a hunter would only work until he got what he needed. Along with the many changes over this time period there were also many things that remained the same. One thing that remained the same was in both time periods people relied on animals as their main food source. Hunting was a very important part of the peoples meal, and is still a big part in our diet today. Also, although people in the Neolithic age had more food, the nutritional value was still as low as it was during the Paleolithic age. The men in the Paleolithic age had the job of hunting the animals and providing food for their families which was a big responsibility. Even during the Neolithic age this responsibility for men never changed because they still worked in the fields or domesticated and slaughtered animals for their food. Eventually, over many years every society and culture evolves. Some things change for the better of the people, and come along with new technologies and ways of life just like today’s culture and people. But along with these new things are also the same values or ways that have been going on for years and years. The Neolithic revolution was one of the biggest turning points in history, because of the many things that changed a way of life for many people. But even though so many things changed, some of the values and traditions always remained the same.

Hollywood Influence on Youth Essay Sample

Hollywood Influence on Youth Essay Sample Negative Hollywood’s Influence Sociology Essay Example Negative Hollywood’s Influence Sociology Essay Example Nowadays, movies made in Hollywood are in high demand in all countries of the world. The young people are the most numerous category of cinema visitors and spectators of the American movies. Consequently, Hollywood influences them crucially encouraging them to follow new fashion or lifestyle patterns. However, the opinions whether this impact is positive or negative differ from one person to another. Hollywood Influence on Youth It is not difficult to notice that youth strives to dress, eat, behave, walk, and talk like some characters in Hollywood movies. By imposing manners of behavior, dressing and eating habits, Hollywood deprives young people of their individuality and self-expression. The current research paper intends to prove that Hollywood influences negatively on moral values of youth, their behavior, and world perception making them too obsessed with their appearance. The research question is how Hollywood influences the development and formation of youth, their moral values, and behaviors in a negative way. The sub-hypotheses of the research paper are: Hollywood movies have long-term effects on youth that are cumulative and negative. Hollywood deprives young people of individuality and personal identity. Hollywood’s influence can lead to the increase of violence, cruelty and illegal activities among young people. Analyzing Hollywood’s influence on the young people, one should take into consideration the cultivation theory. This approach studies the relationship between beliefs about the world and exposure to television. Cultivation theory explores behavioral and emotional effects of television. According to Gerbner et al. (1978), cultivation approach determines the cultivation of the different groups of people by TV. This theory demonstrates the negative impact of TV on the academic achievements and negative attitudes among adolescents. Cultivation theory was created to depict that television shapes social reality and influences people’s moral values (Gerbner et al., 1978). Cultivation theory was developed by Gerbner et al. to study what impact television has on viewers’ perception of the world and everyday life. Consequently, cultivation theory insists that television has long-term effects that are significant, indirect, gradual but cumulative and influential. ‘Clear-cut violence in any context is coded,’ (Gerbner et al., 1978, p. 179). However, even an indirect demonstration of violence influences young people making them more cruel, angry, and aggressive. Violence is the most frequent phenomenon on TV that increases movies’ rates and companies’ profits. It is evident that Hollywood’s movies influence young people negatively. First, they encourage youth to follow new fashion, hobbies, and lifestyle patterns. Second, young people become obsessed with the desire to be like their favorite characters and actors imitating their way of dressing, eating habits, behavior, and talking. Consequently, they lose their personal identity and become zombies of the imaginary world and life depicted in movies. Moreover, Hollywood makes youth adopt the American culture depicting it as an exemplary one. Third, the young people lose their moral values and become degraded abusing drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes just like their favorite actors. Gerbner et al. (1980) define violence as ‘the overt expression of physical force†¦compelling action against one’s will on pain of being hurt and/or killed or threatened to be so victimized as a part of plot’ (Gerbner et al., 1980, p.:11). It means that the index of violence prevails in the modern movies. Moreover, the scientists insist that television has become a cultural ‘mainstream’ that has a significant and dramatic impact on viewers. Consequently, the role of television should be regarded as the cultivation of attitudes that put human life in danger. Television’s violent imagery can turn into the cruel reality that is characterized by real life perceptions. Researchers insist that most movies affect the worldview appealing to the emotions and feelings. Youths are more emotionally interested in the problems related to changing of views and their status in the community. As Hollywood movies reveal such issues as driving and cutting out parental control, moving away from home, and identity formation, young people become keen on them. Movie content influences the aspects of psychological development. One should not say that movies of Hollywood’s production are totally negative. There are very helpful and useful movies. However, the choice of adolescents is mostly negative, which leads to the retardation of youth’s cognitive development. Another aspect that is influenced by Hollywood movies is sexuality that has changed compared to what it was in the past. Young people begin to forget about the existence of such feelings as shame, fear, and guilt and tend to get involved in the unconventional sexual activities. The problem is t hat youth cannot differentiate between fabrication, truth, misinformation, and information. According to Meyer (1989), TV uses crime-laden and violent programming that can result in becoming a victim of crime, overestimating of actual crime rates, and being victimized by violent crime. Cultivation, like any other kind of mediated effect, occurs embedded within a dynamic process of human social interaction, writes Meyer (1989, p. 788). It means that the interaction of people with television is direct despite its indirect influence. Cultivation theory is based on the communication approaches and exposure of people to TV. According to the cultivation theory, Hollywood movies serve as a black board from which the young people copy violent behavior. The negative effects of Hollywood movies are seen in the vicarious capacity of adopting the negative attitudes. Heavy exposure to movies influences the development of the youth, which is one of the reasons for violence, crime, and aggressive behavior of young people in the society. There is a profound relationship between behavior and motion pictures as motion pictures are presented in an impressionable manner enthralling people and making them forget that they should learn some lesson from a movie. Hollywoods chief function is to provide amusement and entertainment making viewers escape into the land of fantasy. A typical adolescent that watches 150 movies a year will be exposed to such overt immoral behaviors as smoking, alcohol, and drug abuse. Regular watching of television leads to the imitation of the events and feelings depicted in the movies. ‘Television programs such as soap operas and sitcoms cultivate in the viewer a perspective of the world that does not match reality but instead reflects the nature of the television world’, writes Mohan Dutta (2007, p. 1). It means that young people start living a life of other people. For example, many Hollywood movies reveal the problems of adultery, difficult relationships, abortion, pregnancy rates and divorce that result in a happy ending. Consequently, young people live in the idealized world of a movie depriving them of an ability to deal with life problems realistically. Hollywood’s production has achieved media imperialism having a strong power over the viewers and becoming the most dominant and influential type of media. According to social learning theory, young people can adopt deviant and aggressive behavior through modeling and imitating the behavior of actors and movie characters. However, the issue is that Hollywood does not bear responsibility for the anti-social influence on the youth. Speaking about Hollywood movies one should say that there is a disturbing amount of violence that is presented through the sexual relationships. It means that from an early age, adolescents start getting interested in the satisfaction of their physical needs. Consequently, the moral values are ignored and degraded making the behavior of the youth anti-social or deviant. Frequent watching of Hollywood movies makes young people obsessed with many movie stars that serve as examples to follow. It is evident that cinema shapes general lifestyle, behaviors, and attitudes; therefore, it is crucial to watch only ethical and useful ones to ensure the process of moral growth. Gerbner et al. (1978) insist that heavy viewers of television are in the biggest danger. First, if the genre of a movie is horror, it leads to psychological concerns. For example, young people are afraid of walking around the city at night as they are afraid of criminals and other horrors that they have seen in the movie. Another disorder that is observed among the youth is reflected in their desire to hit somebody and release fury or angriness. The cultivation theory shows a significant and consistent relationship between television and the aspects of social reality. It means that movie production has become the cult and part of the common culture. However, the problem is that this culture rarely benefits the community due to its focus on the gained profits rather than feelings evoked by the movie. Consequently, such empty values as money, clothes, jewellery, luxury, and popularity are depicted in Hollywood movies. However, only a few people regard them as unimportant, others are st riving to get them. According to the cultural norms theory, Hollywood movies violate the established norms of culture (not to depict the sexual scenes for the young people, not to use foul language) and provide their own cultural patterns that are perceived by youth. It means that Hollywood movies do not reinforce cultural norms but change them. The Methods Assignment The research question is how Hollywood affects the development and formation of youth, their moral values, and behaviors in a negative way. The specific sub-hypotheses of the research paper are: Hollywood movies have long-term effects on youth that are cumulative and negative. Hollywood deprives young people of individuality and personal identity. Hollywood’s influence can lead to the increase of violence, cruelty and illegal activities among young people. Consequently, this research paper is based on two methods: qualitative and quantative. The research is objective as it combines the primary and secondary sources of information. The qualitative research is based on the academic articles that explain the cultivation theory and its relation to the media influence on the young people. The quantitative research is based on interviewing. 50 young people were chosen for this interview: 25 males and 25 females. These young people had different interests; therefore, one can suppose that this research is objective. At the exploratory stage, it was crucial to identify their interest to media in general and Hollywood movies in particular. To fulfil the objective of the research paper, the semi-structured interview was conducted. The semi-structured interview presupposes open and fixed questions. Interviewing provides necessary information about young people who watch movies. The secondary data such as academic articles on the culmination theory helped to understand the entity of the problem and reveal how other researchers view the influence of movies on the youth. The primary data were obtained from the interview. The questions of the interview were related to the following aspects: frequency of watching television; attitude to movies; the feelings and emotions after watching Hollywood movies; personal opinion about the impact of movies. The researcher asked the questions to understand popularity of Hollywood movies among young people. Each participant of the research was asked the same set of questions. The questions revealed the participant’s attitude to the problem. An informal and friendly atmosphere was created while interviewing to make all participants feel relaxed and confident. Data Analysis Current research paper explains the peculiarities of the cultivation theory and its relation to the television impact. Moreover, the key objective was achieved as it has been proved that Hollywood movies influence the young people’s values negatively. First, Hollywood movies deprive the youth of genuine feelings and emotions, interaction and mutual understanding. They tend to give more value to the appearance, money, and social status like the actors in Hollywood movies. Hollywood movies have long-term effects on youth that are cumulative and negative. It has been determined that 99% respondents watch Hollywood movies. Only 1% of young people stated that they did not watch Hollywood movies. 55% of respondents watched them very often. 30% watched often. 14% of young people watched movies rarely, and only 1% never watched them. Consequently, it has been proved that young people watch Hollywood movies regularly and frequently. Another question was whether movie watching affects the way of dressing. 45% of respondents strongly agreed that Hollywood movies influenced their way of dressing. 20% agreed that they imitated the style of actors from the movie. 20% of respondents did not decide yet. 15% of respondents supposed that Hollywood did not influence their way of dressing. As a result, young people copy the dressing style from movies even if it is not suitable for a real everyday life. Hollywood movies teach them to be bright and glamorous and put appearance above other values. Another crucial question was whether Hollywood movies influenced youth’s behavior. 31 % of respondents agreed that Hollywood movies affected their behavior and their attitudes. Only 11% of young people strongly disagreed with that statement. Consequently, it is evident that Hollywood deprives youth of individuality and personal identity. Another question referred to the impact of Hollywood movies on the sexuality of young people. Consequently, 27 % of respondents answered that characters and actors made them more sexual. 55% of respondents expressed a categorical disagreement with that statement. Consequently, Hollywood movies do not influence the desire of young people to have sex. The respondents were also asked whether Hollywood encouraged them to dress indecently. 37% of young people agreed that it was true. Only 6% of the respondents were against this. Consequently, not all Hollywood movies are negative, and not all young people are deprived of moral qualities. 62% of respondents stated that Hollywood movies shaped their general lifestyle, behaviors, and attitudes. Only 3% of respondents disagreed that Hollywood determined their behavior. The result clearly indicates that Hollywood movies affect the lifestyle and attitudes of young people. The respondents were asked whether Hollywood movies positively influence the learning of new cultures. 62 % strongly agreed that they learnt more about different cultures from movies. Only 3% of young people did not agree that movies were beneficial for them. Another question that had been asked was whether young people tried not to watch sex scenes when they appeared. 14 % agreed with that statement. 86 % of the respondents disagreed with that. It means that young people watch sex scenes with pleasure. Consequently, Hollywood movies encourage them to early sexual life. One can say that the hypothesis and sub-hypotheses were fully proved. Literature review and interviews proved that Hollywood movies were superficial and did not encourage the moral and intellectual development. Moreover, Hollywood movies are based on the wrong values like money, sex, and appearance. Firstly, movies do not provide emotions and feelings that would be beneficial for the individuality. Secondly, watching movies does not guarantee that a person will not feel satisfied as it can develop many psychological disorders as beauty even if it is artificial is a key concern of the characters in movies. Consequently, if young people are not confident and are very modest, they can become even more reserved. One should mention that Hollywood movies have a narrow sphere of application. Consequently, people lose the ability to distinguish between truth and deception, sincerity and slyness, reality and the imagery world. One can say that sybhypotheses are related to the main hypothesis and complete it. Moreover, the world of movies is limited, and it is based on exaggeration, unpractical pieces of advice and possibility not to draw the boundary between reality and fiction. The research clearly demonstrates that most young people are keen on Hollywood movies. One cannot say that Hollywood movies should be forbidden as there are those that have a positive influence on young viewers. One should cut down the exposure of the young people to negative scenes depicted in movies. Young people should be busy with other activities that will help them to replace watching movies with something more useful. The movies should benefit young people. It means that they should learn to accept only good advice and life lessons. The obtained results demonstrate that there is a direct relationship between movies and human behavior. The young people tend to change their social roles under the influence of movies. Movies are dynamic and creative. Consequently, they can influence even passive and static viewers. It is evident that a person should be very intelligent, experienced, realistic, and wise to avoid the negative impact of Hollywood movies. Cultivation theory helped to understand that Hollywood movies are based on the media and cultural imperialism that make them superior and more popular compared to other kinds of mass media and can be the instrument of influence on the audience. Young people can become culturally dependent and dominated. One should say that Hollywood influences the development and formation of youth, their moral values, and behaviors negatively. First, young people can become keen on the negative habits like alcohol and drug abuse. They become too obsessed with their way of dressing and sexuality copying imaginary movie characters. Moreover, young people begin to degrade as they are not interested in reading and other intellectual activities. Hollywood movies have long-term effects on youth that are cumulative and negative. It means that at first young people do not undergo changes for worse. However, soon young people begin to decline morally, become aggressive and even tend to commit crimes. It has been proved that Hollywood movies encourage early sexual life and usage of the foul language. Consequently, such movies encourage young people to behave like adults and influence their psychological development. To sum up, one should mention that Hollywood movies are a direct means of influence that are related to all aspects of human life. As a result, they increase the use of foul language that is a non-normative and restraining aspect of culture. Hollywood movies encourage having early sex and perceiving it as a natural phenomenon. Moreover, they impose the American culture and values as the most progressive one. Hollywood movies have a psychological, cultural, and emotional influence on young people. It is evident that this research paper has its limitations that do not diminish the value of current case study. The first limitation is the choice of the subject. The paper is devoted only to the negative aspect of the social media. However, it does not demonstrate the cases when people really learn good life lessons from Hollywood movies. Secondly, this research paper is restricted by the scope of the research, which is limited to Hollywood movies. Without doubt, these restrictions do not lessen the importance and value of this case study but provide grounds for further and more complex researches. One needs more time, efforts and literature to instruct participants before conducting an interview. Another restriction of this research paper is the lack of available data. Some information was obtained from the interviewees, but it is not enough for a full-fledged analysis.

#10 El Nino Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#10 El Nino - Essay Example In normal years, ocean current flows to the north towards the Equator down the western coast of South America. The water on the ocean surface was being drawn away from the continent and to be replaced by cold nutrient-rich water pushed upwards from the ocean depth. This process is known as upwelling. During this season, a good harvest is being anticipated by fishermen of the area. Further, colder weather is experienced by the people living in this area since the ocean surface is cold during this time. During El Nià ±o year, the warm pool of water flows eastward until it spreads in the entire Pacific Ocean. For this reason, the cool water of the South American coast is replaced by warmer waters, thus weakening the upwelling process (Trenberth 1997). In effect, the surface of the sea temperature rises beyond the normal range. This occurrence means heavy rainfall and eventual flooding in some South American countries and drought and very dry season in Indonesia, Australia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and Northeastern South America with altered patterns of tropical storms in the tropical belt (Enfield n.d.). Global warming is also a great contributor to this kind of phenomena. The coastal warming is being associated with a more widespread irregular ocean warming to the International Dateline and it is this Pacific basin-wide phenomenon that forms the link with strange global climate patterns. This component joined to El Nià ±o is called the Southern Oscillation (Trenberth 1997). ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) is the phenomenon where the atmosphere and ocean collaborates together. The El Nino phenomenon is the warm phase of ENSO, and its opposite, La Nià ±a, the occurrence where cooling of the tropical Pacific takes place corresponds to the cold phase of ENSO. The El Nià ±o, or ENSO for scientists, can be considered as a normal occurrence based on nature patterns studied by some scientists. But still, it greatly affects global climate

Financial Reporting Disclosures in the Australian Corporate Sector Essay

Financial Reporting Disclosures in the Australian Corporate Sector - Essay Example More, the standards require that the identifiable intangible assets must be disclosed by means of subdividing the assets into classes with similar identifiable intangible assets being grouped together with regards to their usage and operations. Cash generating units impairment testing should be through the process of comparing the carrying amounts of identifiable intangible assets, goodwill working capital, and PPE of the cash-generating units. It is also important to note that valuation approaches during disclosure needs to be financial ratios and discounted cash flow. The company also needs to ensure that sensitivity analysis is done in case there are changes in key assumptions used during financial reporting. The importance of carrying out a sensitivity analysis to changes in key assumptions is due to the need to evaluate variations and their effects on financial reporting. Sensitivity analysis will also enable corrective actions to ensure compliance of financial reporting require ments. According to analysis of the company’s reporting practice, forecast must be corrected to be based on present value of future expected future cash flows. Forecasts on future cash flows must also be based on an established cyclic cash flow pattern. Table of Contents Introduction Identifiable Intangible Assets Impairment Testing on Cash Generating Units Calculation of Discount Rates and Growth Rates Sensitivity analysis to Key Assumption changes Financial Reporting Practice of CCA LTD Recommendations Financial Reporting Disclosures in the Australian Corporate Sector Introduction Corporate companies are subject to Corporations Act, which is being promoted by ASIC reviewers to ensure compliance with financial reporting requirements. The ASIC further provides non-compliance allowance for specific requirements to corporations. Confidence of investors and integrity levels in the Australian Corporate sector is largely boosted by the ASIC activities of monitoring corporationâ₠¬â„¢s compliance to financial reporting requirements. Users of financial reporting and auditing information are able to make informed decisions about the reliability and relevance of financial reporting disclosures in the Australian Corporate Sector. There is need for Coca Cola Amatil LTD to ensure that their financial reporting standards adhere to the professional and legal requirements of the corporations act. The objective of these financial reporting disclosures report is to ensure that Coca Cola Amatil LTD adheres to corporate Act’s requirements of financial reporting disclosures in the Australian Corporate Sector. Identifiable Intangible Assets The corporate act specifies reporting standards that must be adhered to when disclosing information regarding identifiable intangible assets such as names of brands, relationship with customers and written off intangible assets of Coca Cola Amatil LTD. The company should disclose identifiable intangible assets that would have bee n recognized during business formation or combinations and research and development assets. These intangible assets do not include assets that are recognized through contract basis or any other means that is legal. During financial reporti